Your precious info bites on the Multivers X blockchain!

• July 7

❓ 𝑫𝒊𝒅 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕… the consensus algorithm created by Elrond Network is called S͟e͟c͟u͟r͟e͟ ͟P͟r͟o͟o͟f͟ ͟o͟f͟ ͟S͟t͟a͟k͟e͟? What makes it special compared to other Proof of Stake architectures? 💡

👌 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐬, completed in just two communication steps, using modified Boneh–Lynn–Shacham (BLS) multi-signatures among the validators of the consensus group. Moreover, nodes inside the shard are randomly selected for the consensus group with no possibility of knowing the group's composition more than one round in advance. 

💪 𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 to malicious attacks due to periodical node reshuffling across shards. Every epoch, up to 1/3 of the nodes in every shard are reshuffled to other shards to prevent collusion. 

🔐 🎲 𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 source with BLS signing, which makes it non-biasable and unpredictable.

• July 13

❓ 𝑫𝒊𝒅 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕… in contrast to most other blockchain networks, where the new issuance is infinite and uncapped, in Elrond this sum is c͟a͟p͟p͟e͟d͟ ͟t͟o͟ ͟a͟ ͟t͟h͟e͟o͟r͟e͟t͟i͟c͟a͟l͟ ͟s͟u͟p͟p͟l͟y͟ ͟l͟i͟m͟i͟t͟ ͟o͟f͟ ͟3͟1͟,͟4͟1͟5͟,͟9͟2͟6͟ ͟e͟G͟o͟l͟d͟,  ͟ which can be reached over 10 years?

🌎 𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐠𝐥𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐝𝐨𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Complexity is the most important obstacle for real world adoption, that’s why eGold’s essence was captured into a universally appealing and powerful metaphor.

🥇 𝐀 𝐝𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞: Its robust store of value is similar to gold, but with mechanics and functionality that go well beyond those of gold.

• July 20

❓ 𝑫𝒊𝒅 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕…  Elrond is in the top 5 blockchains in terms of the number of validators?

⏳ In the Elrond ecosystem, the 3200 active nodes are divided equally between the 3 execution shards and Metachain, each having 800 nodes. In an epoch, each shard has 400 eligible nodes (nodes which validate blocks and produce rewards) and 400 waiting nodes (pending). At the beginning of a new epoch, 80 randomly chosen eligible nodes are moved to another shard and placed in the queue of the waiting list of that shard waiting its turn. The waiting period for a node is 400/80 = 5 epochs. ⏳

• July 27

❓ 𝑫𝒊𝒅 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕… d̲e̲l̲e̲g̲a̲t̲e̲d̲ ̲f̲u̲n̲d̲s̲ ̲a̲r̲e̲ ̲i̲n̲ ̲a̲ ̲S̲m̲a̲r̲t̲ ̲C̲o̲n̲t̲r̲a̲c̲t̲ a̲t̲ ̲p̲r̲o̲t̲o̲c̲o̲l̲ ̲l̲e̲v̲e̲l̲ ̲a̲n̲d̲ ̲o̲n̲l̲y̲ ̲d̲e̲l̲e̲g̲a̲t̲e̲s̲ ̲h̲a̲v̲e̲ ̲a̲c̲c̲e̲s̲s̲ ̲t̲o̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲d̲e̲d̲i̲c̲a̲t̲e̲d̲ ̲U̲n̲s̲t̲a̲k̲e̲ ̲A̲P̲I̲?̲ 💡

👊 💯 In other words, the staking on Elrond is non-custodial and 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐬. In Proof of Stake systems, such as Elrond, the network pays validators for their services, but equally punishes those who engage in unwanted behavior (fake transactions, forcibly induced forks by issuing two blocks simultaneously, etc.) by a mechanism called Slashing that is not currently activated on the network and will most likely come in phase 4 of bootstrapping the network (we are in Elrond Staking Phase 3.5).

• August 3

❓ 𝑫𝒊𝒅 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕… on Saturday, July 30, 2022, at 15:13 UTC time, #Elrond switched to the 3rd year of mainnet after genesis, and according to its Economics Paper, t̲h̲e̲ ̲s̲t̲a̲k̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲r̲e̲w̲a̲r̲d̲s̲ ̲a̲r̲e̲ ̲d̲e̲c̲r̲e̲a̲s̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲w̲i̲t̲h̲ ̲1̲0̲%̲ ̲e̲v̲e̲r̲y̲ ̲y̲e̲a̲r̲, to reduce inflation and increase scarcity? 💡

Rewards are distributed at the end of epoch by the following rules: 10% of the fee from one block is received by the block proposer, while the rest of 90% goes into a fees pool, TotalFeesToBeDistributed. 

At the end of epoch, a calculation will be done to establish how many new tokens must be minted. This number is established by calculating the TotalRewardsToBeDistributed according to maxPossibleInflation, and number of blocks produced by each shard, minus theTotalAccumulatedFees by all the shards during that epoch. From the amount of TotalRewardsToBeDistributed, 10% will be transferred to the Protocol Sustainability Address.

• August 17

❓ 𝐃𝐢𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭… i̲n̲ ̲b̲l̲o̲c̲k̲c̲h̲a̲i̲n̲ ̲a̲ ̲t̲r̲a̲n̲s̲a̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲i̲s̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲t̲r̲a̲n̲s̲f̲e̲r̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲c̲u̲r̲r̲e̲n̲c̲y̲ ̲b̲e̲t̲w̲e̲e̲n̲ ̲w̲a̲l̲l̲e̲t̲s̲?̲ 💡

A wallet on the blockchain is identified by the pair of public-private asymmetric keys with the help of which the confidentiality and security of transactions is achieved. When we want to transmit a coin in the blockchain, we sign a transaction in which the sender, the destination and the amount appear. The signature is basically an encryption with our private key. Anyone in the blockchain space can verify that transaction by decrypting it (verifying the signature) with our public key. This way you can see who sent, to whom and how much.

• August 24

❓ 𝐃𝐢𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭… o̲n̲ ̲E̲l̲r̲o̲n̲d̲ ̲b̲l̲o̲c̲k̲c̲h̲a̲i̲n̲,̲ ̲i̲n̲ ̲e̲a̲c̲h̲ ̲r̲o̲u̲n̲d̲ ̲(̲6̲ ̲s̲e̲c̲o̲n̲d̲s̲)̲,̲ ̲a̲ ̲c̲o̲n̲s̲e̲n̲s̲u̲s̲ ̲l̲e̲a̲d̲e̲r̲ ̲a̲n̲d̲ ̲6̲3̲ ̲o̲t̲h̲e̲r̲ ̲v̲a̲l̲i̲d̲a̲t̲o̲r̲s̲ ̲a̲r̲e̲ ̲e̲l̲e̲c̲t̲e̲d̲ ̲t̲o̲ ̲b̲e̲ ̲p̲a̲r̲t̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲c̲o̲n̲s̲e̲n̲s̲u̲s̲ ̲g̲r̲o̲u̲p̲ ̲i̲n̲ ̲e̲a̲c̲h̲ ̲e̲x̲e̲c̲u̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲s̲h̲a̲r̲d̲ ̲(̲S̲h̲a̲r̲d̲ ̲0̲,̲ ̲S̲h̲a̲r̲d̲ ̲1̲,̲ ̲S̲h̲a̲r̲d̲ ̲2̲)̲?̲ 💡 

The selections of the validators are based on a strong, unpredictable and uninfluenceable random seed. The consensus leader collects all pending transactions, both intra-shard and cross-shard, verifies each transaction, groups them into miniblocks, signs the block and forwards it to the other validators in the consensus group. They in turn verify each transaction and when ⅔ +1 of the consensus group signs the block, it is valid and sent to Metachain.

• August 31

❓ 𝐃𝐢𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭… t̲h̲r̲o̲u̲g̲h̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲e̲c̲o̲n̲o̲m̲i̲c̲ ̲m̲o̲d̲e̲l̲ ̲i̲m̲p̲l̲e̲m̲e̲n̲t̲e̲d̲ ̲a̲t̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲l̲a̲u̲n̲c̲h̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲ @ElrondNetwork, a̲ ̲m̲i̲n̲i̲m̲u̲m̲ ̲r̲e̲w̲a̲r̲d̲ ̲p̲e̲r̲ ̲y̲e̲a̲r̲ ̲i̲s̲ ̲g̲u̲a̲r̲a̲n̲t̲e̲e̲d̲ ̲b̲y̲ ̲i̲s̲s̲u̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲n̲e̲w̲ ̲c̲o̲i̲n̲s̲?̲ 💡 

For 10 years, the maximum number of EGLD issued for staking rewards is 11,415,927 EGLD, reaching a theoretical total supply of 31,415,927 EGLD. The mentioned total supply is theoretical and will never be reached because a mechanism is implemented through which 90% of the commissions of transactions made on the network reduce inflation, and 10% go to the Elrond protocol treasury, from where the sustainable development of the protocol will be financed. So, the theoretical maximum total supply decreases with each transaction made on the network.

• September 7

❓ 𝐃𝐢𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭… t̲o̲ ̲g̲e̲t̲ ̲a̲n̲ ̲i̲d̲e̲a̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲s̲t̲a̲t̲u̲s̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲n̲o̲d̲e̲s̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲a̲ ̲p̲r̲o̲v̲i̲d̲e̲r̲/̲p̲o̲o̲l̲ ̲i̲n̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲c̲u̲r̲r̲e̲n̲t̲ ̲e̲p̲o̲c̲h̲ ̲a̲n̲d̲ ̲c̲a̲l̲c̲u̲l̲a̲t̲e̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲r̲e̲w̲a̲r̲d̲s̲ ̲y̲o̲u̲ ̲w̲i̲l̲l̲ ̲r̲e̲c̲e̲i̲v̲e̲ ̲a̲t̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲e̲n̲d̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲e̲p̲o̲c̲h̲,̲ ̲y̲o̲u̲ ̲c̲a̲n̲ ̲a̲c̲c̲e̲s̲s̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲V̲a̲l̲i̲d̲a̲t̲o̲r̲s̲ ̲s̲e̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲E̲l̲r̲o̲n̲d̲ ̲e̲x̲p̲l̲o̲r̲e̲r̲s̲?̲ ̲💡

1. Node → queued 📓

This is a registered node with a BLS key and the required 2500eGLD. This node waits in the queue to be staked at the protocol level, and then to be received in the consensus. In this state the node receives no rewards, nor does it necessarily need a physical Linux machine to run anything.

2. Node → waiting 🕔

This is a node that either just entered as staked (so a new node) or is a former eligible node, but that was moved to a new shard. Such a node will not receive rewards as long as it is waiting, but in a maximum of 5 epochs it will enter again as eligible

3. Node → eligible ✅

In this state the node is eligible to be elected as a block proposer or consensus group member and receives rewards if it behaves correctly.

4. Node → jailed 🔐

Node activity is counted over time through a rating system. If the node does its job properly, over time its rating increases. Otherwise, it gradually decreases and the node is chosen less often to be part of the consensus group generating less rewards. When the node's rating drops below 10 the node becomes jailed and is no longer eligible to be selected in the consensus (it no longer generates rewards).

• September 14

❓ 𝐃𝐢𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭… E̲l̲r̲o̲n̲d̲ ̲u̲s̲e̲s̲ ̲A̲d̲a̲p̲t̲i̲v̲e̲ ̲S̲t̲a̲t̲e̲ ̲S̲h̲a̲r̲d̲i̲n̲g̲,̲ ̲a̲n̲ ̲a̲p̲p̲r̲o̲a̲c̲h̲ ̲f̲r̲o̲m̲ ̲w̲h̲i̲c̲h̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲E̲t̲h̲e̲r̲e̲u̲m̲ ̲2̲.̲0̲ ̲u̲p̲g̲r̲a̲d̲e̲ ̲i̲s̲ ̲p̲a̲r̲t̲i̲a̲l̲l̲y̲ ̲i̲n̲s̲p̲i̲r̲e̲d̲,̲ ̲a̲n̲d̲ ̲t̲h̲a̲t̲ ̲c̲o̲m̲b̲i̲n̲e̲s̲ ̲a̲l̲l̲ ̲t̲y̲p̲e̲s̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲s̲h̲a̲r̲d̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲i̲n̲t̲o̲ ̲o̲n̲e̲,̲ ̲t̲o̲ ̲i̲m̲p̲r̲o̲v̲e̲ ̲c̲o̲m̲m̲u̲n̲i̲c̲a̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲a̲n̲d̲ ̲p̲e̲r̲f̲o̲r̲m̲a̲n̲c̲e̲?̲ 💡

Sharding is a horizontal partitioning of data in a database or search engine. The word “shard” means split and refers to splitting data into smaller chunks that can be stored on different machines, allowing horizontal scaling.

There are three types of sharding: state, transactions, and network. Elrond’s approach to Blockchain sharding involves the combination of all three types, resulting in an optimal mechanism.  At the ̲n̲e̲t̲w̲o̲r̲k̲ level, sharding occurs to distribute nodes into segments. It happens at the t̲r̲a̲n̲s̲a̲c̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ level while all nodes together retain the entirety of the blockchain. Another sharding that takes place is at the s̲t̲a̲t̲e̲ level. This leads to the processing and verification of more transactions at the same time.  

Elrond’s new approach to sharding increases security and throughput and reduces delays. This approach has the potential, but only time will tell how much adaptive state sharding helps solve the blockchain systems scalability problem, a delicate component of the “Blockchain Trilemma”.

• September 21

❓ 𝐃𝐢𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭… t̲h̲e̲ ̲m̲a̲i̲n̲ ̲a̲c̲t̲o̲r̲s̲ ̲i̲n̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲s̲t̲a̲k̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲m̲e̲c̲h̲a̲n̲i̲s̲m̲ ̲a̲r̲e̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲V̲a̲l̲i̲d̲a̲t̲o̲r̲s̲?̲ 💡

These are actually the nodes or servers that run the Elrond software and together form the Elrond network. To run a node on the Elrond blockchain it is necessary to "stake" 2500 EGLD. The 2500 EGLD represents the base stake at the time the article is written, and from phase 4 a soft auction system will be implemented through which the minimum stake per node can be voted through governance.

Staking pool/ Staking Agency/ Staking Provider: For users who want to become validators, but don't have 2500 EGLD or don't want to block so many coins, there is an option to start a staking pool, with 1250 EGLD needed to create the Delegation Smart Contract (DSC), and the rest up to 2500 can be filled by external delegations from other participants in the network.

• September 28

❓ 𝐃𝐢𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭… f̲o̲r̲ ̲t̲h̲o̲s̲e̲ ̲w̲h̲o̲ ̲w̲a̲n̲t̲ ̲t̲o̲ ̲p̲a̲r̲t̲i̲c̲i̲p̲a̲t̲e̲ ̲i̲n̲ ̲s̲e̲c̲u̲r̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲n̲e̲t̲w̲o̲r̲k̲,̲ ̲b̲u̲t̲ ̲s̲t̲i̲l̲l̲ ̲d̲o̲n̲'̲t̲ ̲h̲a̲v̲e̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲r̲e̲s̲o̲u̲r̲c̲e̲s̲ ̲o̲r̲ ̲d̲o̲n̲'̲t̲ ̲w̲a̲n̲t̲ ̲t̲o̲ ̲d̲e̲a̲l̲ ̲w̲i̲t̲h̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲m̲a̲i̲n̲t̲e̲n̲a̲n̲c̲e̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲a̲ ̲n̲o̲d̲e̲,̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲y̲ ̲c̲a̲n̲ ̲d̲e̲l̲e̲g̲a̲t̲e̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲i̲r̲ ̲c̲o̲i̲n̲s̲ ̲t̲o̲ ̲a̲ ̲S̲t̲a̲k̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲P̲o̲o̲l̲? 💡

The delegated coins end up in the Smart Contract associated with the pool and are indirectly used by the pool thus gaining a "veto" right in the consensus. The protocol then proportionally sends rewards at each epoch end (~14:30 UTC or ~17:30 Romanian Summer Time). The minimum required for delegation is 1 $EGLD in Staking Pools and 10 $EGLD in Delegate Legacy.

• October 5

❓ 𝐃𝐢𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭… f̲r̲o̲m̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲m̲o̲m̲e̲n̲t̲ ̲y̲o̲u̲ ̲u̲n̲s̲t̲a̲k̲e̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲r̲e̲ ̲i̲s̲ ̲a̲n̲ ̲u̲n̲b̲o̲n̲d̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲o̲r̲ ̲w̲a̲i̲t̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲p̲e̲r̲i̲o̲d̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲1̲0̲ ̲d̲a̲y̲s̲ ̲i̲n̲ ̲w̲h̲i̲c̲h̲ ̲y̲o̲u̲ ̲d̲o̲ ̲n̲o̲t̲ ̲a̲c̲c̲u̲m̲u̲l̲a̲t̲e̲ ̲r̲e̲w̲a̲r̲d̲s̲? 💡

The reason is network security. It gives the blockchain time to efficiently replace the $EGLD you are unstaking. After the 10 days have passed, you can "withdraw”, and your coins will become available.

• October 12

❓ 𝐃𝐢𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭… o̲n̲e̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲f̲a̲c̲t̲o̲r̲s̲ ̲t̲h̲a̲t̲ ̲i̲n̲f̲l̲u̲e̲n̲c̲e̲ ̲a̲ ̲p̲r̲o̲v̲i̲d̲e̲r̲'̲s̲ ̲A̲P̲R̲%̲ ̲i̲s̲ ̲n̲o̲d̲e̲ ̲l̲o̲a̲d̲?̲ ̲💡

Elrond allows nodes to have an unlimited amount of $EGLD staked above the base stake of 2500 $EGLD, but the base stake rewards are higher than the top up rewards, so it is more profitable to run 2 nodes with 2500 $EGLD staked each vs. a single node with 5000 $EGLD staked. Pool smart contracts average the rewards and distribute them evenly to all delegators so that there are no differences between delegators.

• October 19

❓ 𝐃𝐢𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭… f̲o̲l̲l̲o̲w̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲s̲t̲a̲k̲i̲n̲g̲,̲ ̲b̲o̲t̲h̲ ̲v̲a̲l̲i̲d̲a̲t̲o̲r̲s̲ ̲a̲n̲d̲ ̲d̲e̲l̲e̲g̲a̲t̲o̲r̲s̲ ̲r̲e̲c̲e̲i̲v̲e̲ ̲r̲e̲w̲a̲r̲d̲s̲ ̲a̲t̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲e̲n̲d̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲e̲a̲c̲h̲ ̲e̲p̲o̲c̲h̲?̲ 💡 

Rewards accumulate in the Smart Contract and you can claim rewards (they become available) or restake (they are added on top of your current stake) whenever you want. 

We provide you with a very smart link, that will help you efficientely redelegate your rewards, in the optimal time:  https://fluxtracker.fr/search.

• October 26

❓ 𝐃𝐢𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭… a̲ ̲b̲l̲o̲c̲k̲c̲h̲a̲i̲n̲ ̲w̲a̲l̲l̲e̲t̲ ̲i̲s̲ ̲u̲n̲i̲q̲u̲e̲l̲y̲ ̲i̲d̲e̲n̲t̲i̲f̲i̲e̲d̲ ̲b̲y̲ ̲i̲t̲s̲ ̲a̲d̲d̲r̲e̲s̲s̲?̲ 💡

The Elrond network defines the address of an account to be equal to the public key of its corresponding pair of keys. The secret key remains known only by the user that owns the key pair. The public key is 32 bytes in length, which means that the address of an account is 32 bytes as well. As a standard, the Elrond network uses the Bech32, specified by the BIP 0173, a human-readable representation for account addresses. The public key always starts with an 𝐞𝐫𝐝𝟏. 

e.g.: erd1sea63y47u569ns3x5mqjf4vnygn9whkk7p6ry4rfpqyd6rd5addqyd9lf2

• November 2

❓ 𝐃𝐢𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭… a̲ ̲u̲s̲e̲r̲ ̲t̲h̲a̲t̲ ̲m̲a̲n̲a̲g̲e̲s̲ ̲o̲n̲e̲ ̲o̲r̲ ̲m̲u̲l̲t̲i̲p̲l̲e̲ ̲n̲o̲d̲e̲s̲ ̲i̲s̲ ̲c̲a̲l̲l̲e̲d̲ ̲a̲ ̲n̲o̲d̲e̲ ̲o̲p̲e̲r̲a̲t̲o̲r̲? 💡 

These users must stake a substantial amount of EGLD tokens for each of their node as a collateral, effectively vouching for the correctness and performance of the nodes. The network locks the staked amount, which cannot be accessed by the node operator unless they withdraw both the stake and the nodes. Nodes that have been staked for by a user are promoted to validator status, and they may participate in consensus and earn rewards for their contribution. Without staking, nodes remain observers of the network. While passive, observers are still important in the network.

• November 9

❓Did you know that... f̲o̲l̲l̲o̲w̲i̲n̲g̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲c̲o̲m̲m̲o̲n̲ ̲P̲r̲o̲o̲f̲-̲o̲f̲-̲S̲t̲a̲k̲e̲ ̲p̲r̲i̲n̲c̲i̲p̲l̲e̲s̲,̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲E̲l̲r̲o̲n̲d̲ ̲n̲e̲t̲w̲o̲r̲k̲ ̲o̲r̲g̲a̲n̲i̲z̲e̲s̲ ̲t̲i̲m̲e̲ ̲i̲n̲t̲o̲ ̲r̲o̲u̲n̲d̲s̲ ̲a̲n̲d̲ ̲e̲p̲o̲c̲h̲s̲,̲ ̲w̲h̲e̲r̲e̲ ̲a̲ ̲f̲i̲x̲e̲d̲ ̲n̲u̲m̲b̲e̲r̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲c̲o̲n̲s̲e̲c̲u̲t̲i̲v̲e̲ ̲r̲o̲u̲n̲d̲s̲ ̲f̲o̲r̲m̲ ̲a̲n̲ ̲e̲p̲o̲c̲h̲? 💡

The first round of the first epoch ever is called the  genesis round, which contains the bootstrapping phase of the network. Each round has a fixed time duration, consistent across the network, currently decided to be 6 seconds. Because all shards process transactions in parallel and in lock-step, it means that in each round, inside a shard, at most one block may be added to the shard's blockchain. There may be rounds where no block is added to the blockchain, for example when consensus is not reached or when the designated consensus group leader is offline and cannot propose a block.

• November 16

❓ 𝐃𝐢𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭… sharding in the MultiversX network was designed from the ground up to address the complexity of combining network sharding, transaction sharding and state sharding? 💡

The result is a cohesive protocol design, which not only achieves full sharding, but attains the following goals as well:

1. Scalability without affecting availability, which requires that increasing or decreasing the number of shards should only affect a negligibly small vicinity of nodes without causing down-times or minimizing them while updating states.

2. Fast dispatching and instant traceability, which requires that computing the destination shard of a transaction must be deterministic and trivial to calculate, eliminating the need for communication rounds.

3. Efficiency and adaptability, which requires that the shards should be as balanced as possible at any given time.

• November 23

❓𝐃𝐢𝐝 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭...  t̲o̲ ̲p̲r̲e̲v̲e̲n̲t̲ ̲c̲o̲l̲l̲u̲s̲i̲o̲n̲,̲ ̲t̲h̲e̲ ̲c̲o̲n̲f̲i̲g̲u̲r̲a̲t̲i̲o̲n̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲e̲a̲c̲h̲ ̲s̲h̲a̲r̲d̲ ̲n̲e̲e̲d̲s̲ ̲t̲o̲ ̲c̲h̲a̲n̲g̲e̲ ̲r̲e̲g̲u̲l̲a̲r̲l̲y̲? 💡

The MultiversX network does this by shuffling nodes between shards at the end of each epoch. While reshuffling all the nodes in every epoch would provide the highest security level, it would have a non-negligible impact on the liveness of the system, due to additional latencies that appear when nodes are resynchronizing with their new shards.

To avoid these latencies, a carefully controlled proportion of eligible validators belonging to a shard will be redistributed non-deterministically and uniformly to the other shards at the end of each epoch.

Shuffled nodes will be placed in the new shards in a waiting list, meaning that they must spend this epoch performing resynchronization with the new shard. Only after spending an entire epoch in the waiting list of the new shard is the node allowed to become an eligible validator and join the shard in full.

The unpredictability of the shuffling process is important for the security of the network. For this reason, at the end of each epoch, it is the metachain which computes a list of nodes which must leave their shards and move to new ones. These nodes are selected using the randomness source calculated in the preceding metachain block, which means that the selection and redistribution cannot be known in advance. This computation is deterministic, therefore it requires no additional communication.

• November30

❓ Did you know that... to produce a shard configuration for the new epoch, the metachain performs the following steps? 💡 

1. The number of nodes that must be shuffled out of each shard is calculated, then these nodes are 𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑 from their shards;

2. The new number of shards for the entire network is computed, based on the processing load in shards and number of nodes that will form the network in the upcoming epoch, and also taking into account nodes that are joining or leaving;

3. For each shard, the nodes that have previously spent an epoch synchronizing in the waiting list are promoted to 𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 in that shard;

4. The nodes in the network-wide waiting list (including those that have been unassigned from their shards at step 1) are redistributed randomly and uniformly to all shards and put into their waiting lists, where they'll spend the next epoch synchronizing with the new shard

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